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Semi- Autonomous Cars Scare the Shit Out of Me. Last month, I was driving down the interstate, somewhere near the southern corner of Virginia, when a thunderstorm opened up above me. Suddenly, a wall of water appeared a hundred yards ahead. In a split second, I had zero visibility, a slick road, and a shitload of anxiety. So I let go of the wheel and felt the car find the lane. It was Volvo’s semi- autonomous driving technology at work, and it scared me to death. It wasn’t supposed to be like this. The Volvo V9. 0 station wagon that the company let me test for a week is supposed to be one of the safest and most sophisticated cars you can buy. But the idea that the car could see the road when I couldn’t, that the sensors would take over when I activated the Pilot Assist mode, it frightened me. Even though the whole point of the feature is to help the driver avoid steering off the road or plowing into another car, I found myself too anxious to fully trust the semi- autonomous technology that was keeping me safe. But I’m an anxious person. Someone braver would realize that this next step towards a fully autonomous vehicle represents a complete technological revolution, one that would save countless lives in the years to come. Intellectually, I believe this, too. Hurtling down the interstate at 7. Volvo’s computer vision and seemingly robotic steering wheel broke my brain. Let’s back up and go over the details of Pilot Assist, the semi- autonomous function I tried out on several hundred miles of highway. Volvo has offered a version of Pilot Assist on its cars since 2. To engage feature, you just tap the cruise control button on the steering wheel and then scroll over to the Pilot Assist option. It shows up as a green steering wheel on the dash as well as the head- up display. To disengage it, you just tap the brakes. I first tested it in a Volvo XC9. Pong with an SUV, since the technology would stop you from going off the road by bouncing you back in the other direction. Which is neat, but not necessarily mind- boggling. In 2. 01. 6, Volvo announced the second generation of the technology, an upgrade that qualified it as a Level 2 form of autonomous driving, according to SAE International’s scale. This, I was told, was the business. The new, more advanced Pilot Assist II currently comes standard on the Volvo S9. V9. 0 and XC9. 0. That’s not bad for a station wagon that starts at $5. The model I drove was slight souped up and had a sticker price of $6. If you have an XC9. Pilot Assist, you can get the upgrade for free through a software update. How does it work? Computers and sensors, my friend. Behind the Volvo V9. The feature will also maintain a minimum distance between you and the car in front of you. The new Pilot Assist II works great on the highway, but it also performs surprisingly well on windy country roads. You cannot, however, take your hands off the wheel. If you do, the car will catch you and put the feature on standby until you grab the wheel again. Even if your hand is touching the wheel and not moving, the Volvo instructs you to apply steering or Pilot Assist will turn itself off. You’d think this would be annoying, but keeping my hand on the steering wheel actually made me feel safer and more alert—which is probably the point. The Pilot Assist II feature will only work under 8. Pilot Assist I, which only worked at speeds up to 3. It’s all fun and games until you realize that you’re not paying attention to your driving—or at least not paying attention like you used to. I found myself scrolling through playlists on Spotify through the built- in Apple Car. Play. I stared off into the distance longer than I ever would’ve if I didn’t trust that the car wouldn’t let me crash. And when I caught myself drifting, my instinctual reaction was to overcorrect, and slam myself into the center of the lane. This is what’s always worried me about the transition to autonomous driving. For at least a few years, humans either won’t trust the cars to get them safely to their destination or they’ll trust the cars too much, believing that the semi- autonomous technology can do more than it can. This will be a real worry at least until we see an SAE Level 4 full, self- driving automation that will let a car completely control the trip. As former Gizmodo writer Alissa Walker argued last year, though, the humans in the car will still be at risk as long as they have the capability to override autonomous driving system, especially if they’re drunk. You wouldn’t imagine that in the back of a taxi, we put an extra steering wheel or brake pedal there for the passenger to grab ahold of anytime,” Google’s Chris Urmson told NPR at the time. It would just be crazy to think about doing that.”Accordingly, when Google designed Firefly, its vehicle for self- driving car testing, the company decided not to include a steering wheel or pedals in the design. Truthfully, the Firefly fleet didn’t need a steering wheel or pedals because it was being tested as a Level 4 self- driving car. Waymo, the company that spun off from Google’s self- driving car division, retired all 5. Firefly prototypes, however, in favor of 6. Chrysler minivans that are now conducting public testing in Phoenix. We don’t yet know if the company will eventually ditch the steering wheel and pedals on those vehicles. We do know that more autonomous cars will appear on roads all over the world in the few years. Waymo, the new Alphabet company that grew out of the self- driving car team at Google, has been testing its self- driving cars on public roads for years now. More recently, Uber has started testing its own autonomous vehicles, and Lyft plans to offer rides in self- driving cars by the end of this year. So in the near future, expect to see a lot more Level 2 cars like the Volvo V9. I would wager, expect to see more distracted drivers. If Volvo’s succeeded, however, that won’t lead to more road casualties, since its cars’ safety features are becoming so much more sophisticated. At the end of the day, it wasn’t Volvo’s technology that scared me. It was me. I could see myself developing bad habits and over trusting a technology that still has real limits. This is actually why Volvo and some other companies plan on skipping Level 3 models, which offer full, self- driving capabilities but require a driver to be present. Manufacturers are eyeing a straight jump to Level 4 functionality. That way people won’t be confused about which autonomous features any given car had and which ones it lacked. I know I was confused with the Volvo V9. I don’t like to feel confused while driving at high speeds. Then again, I’ll probably die before the self- driving takeover is complete. This technology isn’t for me. It’s for my kids and future generations of Americans. That is, if there’s even an America left by then.
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Attitudes toward the formal scheduling of projects are often extreme. Many owners. require detailed construction schedules to be submitted by contractors as a means of. The actual work performed is commonly compared to the. After the completion. In contrast to these instances of reliance upon formal schedules, many field. In particular, the critical. The result is. "seat- of- the- pants" scheduling that can be good or that can result in grossly. Progressive construction firms use formal. Formal scheduling procedures have become much more common with the advent of personal. Sharing schedule. Internet has also provided a greater incentive to use formal scheduling. Savvy construction supervisors often carry schedule and budget information around. As a result, the continued development of easy to use. But problems with the use of scheduling techniques will. A basic distinction exists between resource oriented and time oriented. For resource oriented scheduling, the focus is on using and. For example, the project. For time. oriented scheduling, the emphasis is on determining the completion time of the project. Hybrid techniques for. Most scheduling software is time- oriented, although virtually. This chapter will introduce the fundamentals of scheduling methods. Our discussion will. Consequently. the wide variety of manual or mechanical scheduling techniques will not be discussed in. These manual methods are not as capable or as convenient as computer based. With the availability of these computer based scheduling programs, it is. Moreover, even if formal methods are not applied in particular cases, the. Accordingly, examples involving hand calculations will be provided throughout the. Back to top. 10. 2 The Critical Path Method. The most widely used scheduling technique is the critical path method (CPM) for. This method calculates. Indeed, many texts and managers regard critical path. Computer programs and. The critical path itself represents the set or sequence of predecessor/successor. The duration of the critical path. Thus, the critical path can be. Chapter 9. The duration of the critical path represents the. Any delays along the critical path would. There may be more. For example, a project consisting of two activities performed in parallel that each. Formally, critical path scheduling assumes that a project has been divided into. A predecessor. relationship implies that one activity must come before another in the schedule. No resource constraints other than those implied by precedence relationships are. To use. critical path scheduling in practice, construction planners often represent a resource. A constraint is simply a restriction on. For example, one of two activities requiring the same piece of equipment might be. This artificial precedence constraint. Also, most critical path scheduling algorithms impose restrictions on the. In essence. these restrictions imply that the construction plan can be represented by a network plan. Figure 9- 6. Nodes are numbered. Two nodes are. introduced to represent the start and completion of the project itself. The actual computer representation of the project schedule generally consists of a list. Graphical network representations rather than a list are helpful for. The actual. input of the data to a computer program may be accomplished by filling in blanks on a. With an activity- on- branch network, dummy activities may be introduced for the purposes. A dummy activity is assumed to have no time duration and can be. Several cases in which dummy. Fig. 1. 0- 1. In Fig. C would mean that both activities B and D would be identified as being between. However, if a dummy activity X is introduced, as shown in part (b) of the. B (node 1 to 2) and D (node 1 to 3) will be. Furthermore, if the problem in part (a) is changed so that activity E cannot. C and D are completed but that F can start after D alone is completed. Y, as. shown in part (c). In general, dummy activities may be necessary to meet the requirements. Figure 1. 0- 1 Dummy Activities in a Project Network. Many computer scheduling systems support only one network representation, either activity- on- branch. A good project manager is familiar with either representation. Example 1. 0- 1: Formulating a network diagram Suppose that we wish to form an activity network for a seven- activity network with the. Activity. Predecessors. ABCDEFG- -- -- -A,BCCDD,EForming an activity- on- branch network for this set of activities might begin be drawing. A, B and C as shown in Figure 1. At this point, we note that two. A and B) lie between the same two event nodes; for clarity, we insert a dummy. X and continue to place other activities as in Figure 1. Placing activity G. D and activity E to. Inserting an additional dummy activity Y along with activity G completes. Figure 1. 0- 2(c). A comparable activity- on- node. Figure 1. 0- 3, including project start and finish nodes. Note. that dummy activities are not required for expressing precedence relationships in. Figure 1. 0- 2 An Activity- on- Branch Network for Critical Path Scheduling. Figure 1. 0- 3 An Activity- on- Node Network for Critical Path Scheduling. Back to top. 10. 3 Calculations for Critical Path Scheduling. With the background provided by the previous sections, we can formulate the critical. We shall present an algorithm or set of instructions for. We also assume. that all precedences are of a finish- to- start nature, so that a succeeding activity cannot. In a later section, we present a. Suppose that our project network has n+1 nodes, the initial event being 0 and the last. Let the time at which node events occur be x. The start of the project at x. Nodal event. times must be consistent with activity durations, so that an activity's successor node. For an activity defined as starting from event i and ending at event j, this. Dij is the duration of activity (i,j). This same expression can be written for. Mathematically, then, the. Minimizesubject to. This is a linear programming problem since the objective value to be minimized and each. Rather than solving the critical path scheduling problem with a linear programming. Simplex method), more efficient techniques are available that take. These solution methods are very. These methods also give some very useful. The programs can compute the earliest and. This calculation is of particular interest for. An efficient solution process for critical path scheduling based upon node labeling is. Table 1. 0- 1. Three algorithms appear in the table. The event numbering. Technically, this algorithm. The project start node is. As long as the project activities fulfill the conditions for an. Some. software packages for critical path scheduling do not have this numbering algorithm. TABLE 1. 0- 1 Critical Path Scheduling Algorithms. Activity- on- Branch Representation)Event Numbering Algorithm. Step 1: Give the starting event number 0. Step 2: Give the next number to any unnumbered event whose predecessor eventsare each already numbered. Repeat Step 2 until all events are numbered. Earliest Event Time Algorithm. Step 1: Let E(0) = 0. Step 2: For j = 1,2,3..,n (where n is the last event), let. E(j) = maximum {E(i) + Dij}where the maximum is computed over all activities (i,j) that have j as the ending event. Latest Event Time Algorithm. Step 1: Let L(n) equal the required completion time of the project. Note: L(n) must equal or exceed E(n). Step 2: For i = n- 1, n- 2, .., 0, let. L(i) = minimum {L(j) - Dij}where the minimum is computed over all activities (i,j) that have i as the starting event. The earliest event time algorithm computes the earliest possible time, E(i), at. Earliest event times are computed as the. The earliest start time for each activity (i,j) is equal. E(i): The earliest finish time of each activity (i,j) can be calculated by: Activities are identified in this algorithm by the predecessor node (or event) i and. The algorithm simply requires that each event in the network should. The latest event time algorithm computes the latest possible time, L(j), at. L(n) for the last event n. Usually, the desired completion time will be equal to. E(n) = L(n) for the final node n. Baixar Gente Grande 2 Dublado Rmvb PlayerTitulo Original: Grown Ups 2 Título Traduzido: Gente Grande 2 Gênero. Download Gente Grande 2 BDRip Dublado (AVI e RMVB). Baixar Programas, Baixar Música. Sinopse: Lenny (Adam Sandler), Eric (Kevin James), Kurt (Chris Rock) e Marcus (David Spade) voltam a morar na mesma cidade. Lá, suas vidas seguem o curso natural dos. 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